Right-Sided Urinary Extravasation Caused by a Ureteral Stone and Associated With Peritonitis in an Older Woman.

Right upper quadrant pain can originate from the liver, cholecystic duct, gallbladder, pancreas, or surrounding organs. Peritonitis in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen can be caused by lesions in these organs as well as the adjacent organs, such as the kidney and colon. The kidneys are surrounded by Gerota's fascia and fat; therefore, mild local inflammation may not cause peritonitis. Herein, we report the case of a 72-year-old woman with right-sided abdominal pain who was diagnosed with urinary extravasation due to a ureteral stone. Urinary extravasations can present with peritonitis. For effective diagnosis, prompt physical examination and abdominal ultrasound are essential, with the extent of extravasation being key to effective management. Therefore, general physicians should consider urinary extravasation, which is typically caused by kidney and urinary stones, in patients with right upper quadrant pain.

Evaluation of urinary extravasation after non-operative management of traumatic renal injury: a multi-center retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Urinary extravasation is one of the major complications after non-operative management of traumatic renal injury and may lead to urinary tract infection and sepsis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate these factors in patients with traumatic renal injury. METHODS: This was a multi-center, retrospective, observational study performed at three tertiary referral hospitals in Osaka prefecture. We included patients with traumatic renal injury transported to the centers between January 2008 and December 2018. We excluded patients who either died or underwent nephrectomy within 24 h after admission. We investigated the occurrence of urinary extravasation and the related factors after traumatic renal injury using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 146 patients were eligible for analysis. Their median age was 44 years and 68.5% were male. Their median Injury Severity Score was 17. Renal injuries were graded as American Association for Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grade I in 33 (22.6%), II in 27 (18.5%), III in 38 (26.0%), IV in 28 (19.2%), and V in 20 (13.7%) patients. Urinary extravasation was diagnosed in 26 patients (17.8%) and was statistically significantly associated with AAST grades IV-V (adjusted odds ratio, 33.8 [95% confidence interval 7.12-160], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We observed urinary extravasation in 17.8% of patients with non-operative management of traumatic renal injury and the diagnosed was made in mostly within 7 days after admission. In this study, the patients with AAST grade IV-V injury were associated with having urinary extravasation.

Observation vs. early drainage for grade IV blunt renal trauma: a multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare observation and early drainage by ureteral stenting in patients with blunt renal trauma and urinary extravasation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective national multicenter study was performed including all patients admitted for renal trauma at 17 hospitals between 2005 and 2015. Patients presenting with a urinary extravasation on initial imaging were considered for inclusion. Patients were divided in two groups according to the initial approach: observation vs. early drainage by ureteral stent (within 48 h after admission). The primary endpoint was the persistence of urinary extravasation on follow-up imaging. RESULTS: Out of 1799 patients with renal trauma, 238 were included in the analysis (57 in the early drainage and 181 in the observation group). In the early drainage group, 29 patients had persistent urinary extravasation vs. 77 in the observation group (50.9% vs. 42.5%; p value = 0.27). The rates of secondary upper urinary tract drainage did not differ significantly between the early drainage group (26.4%) and the observation group (16%) (p = 0.14). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of secondary nephrectomy (0% vs. 2.8%; p = 0.34), and death from trauma (0% vs. 1.8%; p = 0.99). In multivariate analysis, early drainage remained not statistically associated with persistence of urinary extravasation on follow-up imaging (OR = 1.35; p = 0.36) CONCLUSION: In this multicenter cohort, observation was not different from early drainage in terms of persistent urinary extravasation after grade IV blunt renal trauma. Further randomized controlled prospective trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Postoperative urinary extravasation does not impact anterior urethroplasty surgical outcomes: a Latin American large cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of postoperative urinary extravasation (POUE) following anterior urethroplasty, to analyze factors associated with its occurrence, and to study the impact of POUE on surgical success. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including all male patients who have undergone a urethroplasty at our center between 2011 and 2018. Subjects with posterior location stricture, those who did not undergo routine radiographic follow-up, or patients with inadequate follow-up were excluded. Urinary extravasation was defined as presence of evident contrast extravasation on the postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Impact was determined as "need-for-reoperation". Uni- and multivariate analysis were performed to determine clinical and demographic variables associated with occurrence of extravasation and postoperative stricture. RESULTS: A total of 783 men underwent a urethroplasty and 630 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Urinary extravasation prevalence was 12.2%, and there was a "need-for-reoperation" in 1.1% of cases. On uni- and multivariate analysis, greatest stricture length (HR: 1.07 (1-1.2), p = 0.05) and penile urethral location (HR: 2.29 (1.1-4.6), p = 0.021) showed to be POUE predictors. POUE did not show to be a risk factor for postoperative stricture (HR: 1.57, 95% CI (0.8-3), p = 0.173). However, reoperation group  showed to be a risk factor (HR: 6.6, 95% CI 1.4-31, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of POUE was 12.2%. Stricture length and penile urethral strictures were POUE predictors. POUE occurrence with successful conservative management did not appear to have impact on urethroplasty outcomes as it did not predict re-stricture. POUE was reoperation cause in 1.1% of total cases.

Incidence of urinary extravasation and rate of ureteral stenting after high-grade renal trauma in adults: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Collecting system injury and urinary extravasation is an important yet understudied aspect of renal trauma. We aimed to examine the incidence of urinary extravasation and also the rates of ureteral stenting after high-grade renal trauma (HGRT) in adults. METHODS: A search strategy was developed to search Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, followed by full-text review of the relevant publications. Studies were included if they indicated the number of patients with HGRT [the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grades III-IV or equivalents] and number of patients with urinary extravasation. A descriptive meta-analysis of binary proportions was performed with random-effects model to calculate the incidence of urinary extravasation and rates of ureteral stenting. RESULTS: After screening, 24 and 20 studies were included for calculating urinary extravasation and stenting rates, respectively. Most studies involved blunt injury and were retrospective single-center case series. Incidence of urinary extravasation was 29% (95% CI: 17-42%) after HGRT (grade III-V), and 51% (95% CI: 38-64%) when only grade IV-V injuries were combined. Overall, 29% (95% CI: 22-36%) of patients with urinary extravasation underwent ureteral stenting. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 30% of patients with HGRT are diagnosed with urinary extravasation and 29% of those with urinary extravasation undergo ureteral stenting. Understanding the rate of urinary extravasation and interventions is the first step in creating a prospective trial designed to demonstrate when ureteral stenting and aggressive management of urinary extravasation is needed.

Bilateral spontaneous urinary extravasation shown by computed tomography urography in a patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Spontaneous extravasation of urine (SUE) is a rare urologic manifestation. Predisposing conditions of SUE include ureteric calculus, retrograde pyelography, pregnancy, abdominal aorta aneurysm, tumors, or enlargement of the prostate gland. Usually, SUE is a self-limiting condition that mandates differentiaton from other catastrophic conditions of pelviureteric ruptures. Most reported cases of SUE based on urograms are unilateral in presentation. Herein, we report a case of bilateral SUE evident on computed tomography urography in a patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia. We also review the literature briefly.

Salvageability of kidney in Grade IV renal trauma by minimally invasive treatment methods.

CONTEXT: Renal trauma is increasingly being managed conservatively. Grade I-III injuries are managed conservatively whereas Grade V injuries may end in surgery. Managing Grade IV renal trauma is individualized and managed accordingly. AIMS: To evaluate retrospectively all Grade IV renal injuries managed in our institute over five years and to review the available literature. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Reviewing the records of patients who sustained renal trauma and study all Grade IV renal injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all Grade IV renal injuries (16) managed at our institute between July 2008-August 2013. All patients were treated conservatively initially by hemodynamic stabilization, strict bed rest, if required endoscopic procedures. These patients were followed up with CECT. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics was performed using Microsoft excel spreadsheet 2007. Continuous data were described as mean and range. Categorical data was described as percentages. RESULTS: Sixteen patients with Grade IV renal injury were included in the study. All patients had gross hematuria and 15 had urinary extravasation. D-J Stenting was done in 7 patients; perinephric tube drainage with D-J stentingwas done in 2 patients. One required selective upper pole arterial embolisation. Nephrectomy was not required in any of the patients. In the follow-up period, no patient had delayed complications. CONCLUSIONS: Successful conservative management of Grade IV renal trauma requires constant monitoring both clinically and radiologically, and if properly managed, kidneys can be salvaged in all stable patients as reinforced by our study.

Extravasación urinaria renal espontánea / Spontaneous renal urinary extravasation

La extravasación espontánea de orina, descrita por Albarrán y publicada por Sole se consideraba como un hallazgo radiológico poco frecuente y la definió en 198 como la salida de orina fuera del tracto urinario en ausencia de trauma, de intervención quirúrgica previa o reciente y tampoco sin antecedente de instrumentación urológica o de urografía excretora practicada con compresión externa. Se presenta a un paciente de 28 años, sin antecedentes de interés, que acudió con cuadro astenia de 1 mes de evolución, asociado a dolor en fosa lumbar izquierda. Que fue estudiado mediante ecografía y tomografía computarizada (TC). Las exploraciones radiológicas identificaron múltiples litiasis en uréter proximal y distal izquierdo. Voluminosa colección de baja densidad rodeando al riñón izquierdo, limitada por la fascia pararrenal sugestiva de urinoma, identificando solución de continuidad en cáliz superior, que se comunica con el urinoma. El tratamiento inicial del paciente fue la colocación de Nefrostomía percutánea de urgencia, para realizar posteriormente, ureteroscopia con ascensión de las litiasis y extracción de estas mediante pielolitotomía abierta. Conclusión: El conocimiento de la clínica y de los hallazgos radiológicos de la extravasación urinaria espontánea por litiasis ureteral en las distintas pruebas de imágenes son cruciales para el manejo de los pacientes afectados por esta infrecuente complicación...

Spontaneous extravasation of urine, described by Albarran and published by Sole was considered a rare radiological finding in 198 and defined as the flow of urine out of the urinary tract in the absence of trauma, previous surgery or recent nor no history of urological instrumentation or excretory urography performed with external compression. We report a patient of 28 years, with no history of interest came with asthenia of 1 month’s duration, associated with pain in left lumbar fossa. That was studied by ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). The radiological identified multiple stones in proximal and distal left ureter. Collection bulky low density surrounding the left kidney limited by suggesting pararenal urinoma fascia, identifying continuity solution upper calyx, which communicates with the urinoma. The patient’s initial treatment was percutaneous nephrostomy placement of urgency for later ascension of the stones with ureteroscopy and removal of these by open pyelolithotomy. The knowledge of the clinical and radiological findings of spontaneous urinary extravasation with ureteral stones in various imaging tests are crucial for the management of patients affected by this rare complication...

Spontaneous rupture of kidney due to posterior urethral valve-diagnostic difficulties.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous kidney rupture could develop in the course of posterior urethral valve (PUV), the most common cause of outflow urinary tract obstruction in male infants. However, urinary extravasation is a rare complication among this group of children. CASE PRESENTATION: Our case report presents diagnostic difficulties connected with spontaneous kidney rupture due to PUV in a 6 week-old infant. Due to not equivocal images, thundery course of disease and rapid deterioration in the infant's condition, the patient required an urgent laparatomy. CONCLUSION: This case showed that the investigation of renal abnormalities during early neonatal period, is very important specifically in PUV that can lead to kidney rupture.

Clinical Observation on Endoscopic Treatment of Ureteral Calculi Acute Obstruction with Urinary Extravasation / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic treatment of ureteral calculi acute obstruction with urinary extravasation. Methods 56 patients with ureteral calculi acute obstruction and urinary extravasation were randomly divided into two groups:the treatment group and the control group,28 cases in each group. Patients in the treatment group were given URSL or percutaneous nephrostomy drainage, and the secondary fistula was given URSL stone clearance treatment. Patients in control group were given traditional ureterolithotomy treatment. The stone clearance rate, the average recovery time after surgery, postoperative wound infection rate and the abnormal rate of postoperative albumin were observed in two groups. Results In the treatment group,28 patients had no residual stones with mean postoperative recovery time of (5.2 1.3) days,postoperative fever was found in 3 cases,obvious abnormal postoperative albumin in 3 cases. In the control group,residual stones were found in 3 cases,the average recovery time after surgery was (7.9 2.6) days,postoperative fever was found in 10 cases, and obvious abnormal postoperative albumin in 11 cases. There were statistically significant differences in stone clearance rate, the average recovery time after surgery, postoperative wound infection rate and the abnormal rate of postoperative albumin between two groups (P<0.05) . Conclusion Endoscopic treatment of ureteral calculi acute obstruction and urinary extravasation has advantages including better efficacy, less trauma, less complications and quicker recovery.

A case of signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder with spontaneous urinary extravasation.

Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma (PSRCC) of the bladder is a relatively rare variant of adenocarcinoma of the bladder with poor prognosis. Also PSRCC of the bladder presenting with spontaneous urinary extravasation is very rare. We present the case of a 48-year male who presented with spontaneous urinary extravasation and was diagnosed to have PSRCC of the urinary bladder on evaluation. He was treated with radical cystectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. This report emphasizes the need to rule out other primary sites of adenocarcinoma in the body, which may metastasize to the urinary bladder.

Extravasación urinaria postraumatismo abdominal cerrado: ¿es posible un diagnóstico precoz?: informe de dos casos / Urinary extravasation post blunt abdominal trauma: is it possible an early diagnosis?: report of two cases

La lesión de la vía urinaria superior con extravasación urinaria ocasionada por un traumatismo abdominal cerrado es infrecuente y, a menudo, no reconocida en una evaluación inicial.Un diagnóstico tardío de esta lesión aumenta significativamente la morbilidad. Se presentan dos casos, uno con avulsión de uréter superior derecho y el otro con laceración parenquimatosay de pelvis renal derecha con diagnóstico tardío y complicacionesgraves postraumatismo abdominal cerrado directo. El conocimiento del mecanismo del traumatismo y la evaluación de signos y síntomas locales son datos de importancia parasospechar una lesión pieloureteral, independientemente de la gravedad del traumatismo. La ausencia de hematuria inicial no es infrecuente y su presencia y grado no guarda relación con lagravedad de la lesión. Una tomografía computada abdominal con contraste endovenoso, evaluada en fase excretora tardía, permite la identificación precoz de una extravasación de orina.

An injury to the upper urinary tract with urinary extravasation caused by blunt abdominal trauma is uncommon and often unrecognized in an initial evaluation. A late diagnosis of this injury significantly increases morbidity. Two cases are discussed, one with avulsion of right upper ureter and the other one with parenchymal and right renal pelvis laceration with delayed diagnosis and severe complications subsequent to a direct blunt abdominal trauma. Knowledge of the mechanismof trauma and the assessment of local signs and symptoms are important data for suspecting ureteropelvic injury regardless of the trauma severity. The absence of initial hematuria is notuncommon and their presence and degree is unrelated to the severity of the injury. An abdominal computed tomography with IV contrast evaluated in delayed excretory phase allows an early detection of extravasation of urine.

Prevention and Treatment of Early Complications of Ureteroscopy and Pneumatic Lithotripsy / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To summary our experiences on the clinical management of early complications caused by ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy. Methods From May 2002 to December 2007,totally 660 patients received ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy in our hospital,25 of them had surgical complications. Their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among the 25 cases,22 patients had ureteral perforation,2 had ureteral disruptions,and 1 showed pelvic hematoma owing to ureteral perforation and injury to the ovary vein. Of the 22 cases of ureteral perforation,13 patients received lithotripsy and placement of a double J stent into the renal pelvis via the perforation site;and 4 patients underwent repair of the ureter. The other 5 of the 22 cases refused open surgery,and showed symptoms of urinary extravasation,loin pain,fever,or hematuria postoperatively;PCN was successfully completed in 3 of them but failed in the other 2,who underwent open surgery afterwards. For the 2 patients with ureteral disruptions,ureteroureteral anastomosis was performed. And in the case of pelvic hematoma,we carried out open surgery to ligate the bleeding vessels. All of the 25 patients were cured and discharged from hospital prosperously. The double J stent was withdrawn in 2 months after the operation,and 1-year follow-up showed no ureteral stenosis or obstruction by intravenous pyelography. ConclusionsPrimary management of ureteral injury by indwelling double J stent or percutaneous nephrostomy results in significantly deceased rate of re-operation. Conversion to open surgery timely can stop the incidence of other severe complications.

The value of immediate postoperative cystogram in transurethral prostatectomy

Twenty-five consecutive cystograms were performed immediately following transurethral prostatectomy. The value of routine post-operative cystograms was demonstrated. It enables the resectionist to confirm not only visible perforations, but also enables him to diagnose occult extravasations. Significant vascular absorption can also be demonstrated. These findings forewarn the Resectionist of any likely post-operative complication. The management of bladder perforation and urinary extravasation was also discussed. (Summary)

Spontaneous Urinary Extravasation from the Renal Pelvis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Author herein describes 2 cases of spontaneous urinary extravasation of the kidney whose underlying diseases are ureter stone associated with acute pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis caused by B.P.H. respectively. The frank pelvic rupture associated with ureter stone was managed by nephrectomy and peripelvic extravasation with fornical back flow associated with B.P.H. was managed by urethral catheter drainage. Because it is not uncommon and may cause serious retroperitoneal complication, it should be considered in patients who present flank pain and mass with a history of obstructive uropathy, and acute abdomen not suggesting urologic pathology. The mechanics of peripelvic extravasation and brief review of diagnosis and management are presented.